Organizational Culture in Prime Bank - 6026 Words

Letter of Transmittal 14th August, 2011 Abdullah-Al Jamil Lecturer of Southeast University, Bangladesh Subject: Letter of Transmittal Sir, It is great pleasure to submit an assignment on â€Å"Organizational Culture in Prime Bank as the fulfillment of the partial requirement of our course Organizational Theory. This assignment is done to find how organizational culture operating in Bangladesh. We are working on bank we find how employee maintains, protect and stay in the culture. This assignment has helped us to find Prime Bank employees are happy with their culture. We sincerely hope that you will enjoy reading this assignment as much as we enjoyed it writing. If you need any further clarification interpreting our†¦show more content†¦These data were gathered from. †¢ Web site of the company. †¢ Internet †¢ Publications of the company. Sample design We mainly focused on Banani branch. Operations and activities, and took samples from this branch. To conduct this assignment we mainly used questionnaire which is a combination of open and close ended questions and distributed this among 20 employees as samples who belong to Executive Management Level, Mid Level and Junior Level of the hierarchy of Prime Bank. We have chosen this branch because this is an important commercial area of Dhaka city as well as Prime Bank. We used non-probability sample technique to select sample size. Language: Abstract terminology and technical terms have been avoided as much as possible so that any person can understand the theme of the assignment. Layout: All necessary parts of conventional formal have been followed. The readers are expected to get a different taste from the assignment. Overview Objective of the bank: The objectives of the Prime Bank Limited are specific and targeted to its vision and to position itself in the mindset of the people as a bank with difference. The objectives of Prime Bank Limited are as follows: †¢ To mobilize the savings and channeling it out as loan or advance as the company †¢ To establish, maintain, carry on, transact and undertake all kinds of investment and financial business includingShow MoreRelatedEssay about Legitimacy in Public Affairs990 Words   |  4 Pagesdealing with the audience outside with its stakeholders. Taking into consideration the fact that public affairs highlight relations with the general public. As said by McGrath (2005) in a general perspective the term public affairs include all the organizational functions associated with its reputation outside the firm. it could not be wrong saying that it includes lobby or political relations and media relations and community as well. Therefore in Lobbying circumstances public affairs seems to be indulgeRead MoreMoral Ethics And Values Based Dilemmas871 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagements is to ensure all employees understand all the ethics. This paper discusses how Bank of America ethical principles can address organizational issues, what role do external social pressures have i n influencing the bank ethics as well as how these issues might be relevant to organizational and personal decisions. An organization’s ethical behavior is an extension of its organizational culture. ‘Bank of America Corporation is committed to the highest standards of ethical and professionalRead MoreRole Of Hrm Over The Period Of Time1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe report is an amalgamation of three patches of which, first, is a journal review of two human resources related articles: â€Å"Extending the Scope of Organisational Culture: the External Perception or an Internal Phenomenon† (MacIntosh and Doherty, 2007) and â€Å"Organisational Culture: An exploratory study comparing faculties’ perspectives within public and private universities in Malaysia† (Ramachandran, Ching and Ismail, 2010). This journal review is concluded by a reflection wherein the scholar expressesRead MoreThe Extinction Of The Wild, Endangered Species1551 Words   |  7 Pagesreason that they cannot cope fast enough with the deviations. Accurately, change could be considered as a threat to s urvivability [1] whether or not it comes from the nature or from humans. Could this happen in organizations that go through an organizational change? Surely, innovation and change are constant in organizations around the world due to the rapid advancement of the technology and business in general. Unfortunately, employees don’t usually adapt fast enough in response to an upcoming changeRead MoreGoldman Sachs Banks on Cultural Capital816 Words   |  4 PagesIn July, 2007, because of the American subprime mortgage crisis. U.S had a Financial Storm. At the beginning, the five largest U.S investment banks were showing despite the subprime challenges. But then, to be accompanied by one of the five largest investment banks in U.S which is Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy. The other investment banks suffered the storm. Even though the Goldman Sachs had also been buffeted by the Financial Storm. But â€Å"Goldman was still rewarding the firm’s CEO that namedRead MoreMis Project Management At First National Bank1747 Words   |  7 PagesManagement at First National Bank Summary of Findings Despite First National Bank (FNB) is one of the fastest growing banks in Midwest, during the created and implement the Information Services Division (ISD), in its project management some problem can be identified. The following these factors are the primary deficient of the project has been tabled: 1) The decision-making process of ISD is too long and high temporal cost of Priority Committee; 2) The organizational structure is not a matrix; 3)Read MoreImportance of Motivation in the Workplace1640 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Employee motivation remains a key issue for the attainment of organizational outcomes. The contemporary organizations seem well versed with the reality of the fact that a motivated workforce is indeed the most critical aspect of the strategic success of the organization. The theories of motivation are the stout pillars that influx the real essence of a functional performance management system in an organization. The following paper highlights the peculiar aspects of the literature pertainingRead MoreEssay on First Union Case Study1750 Words   |  7 PagesFirst Union’s corporate culture, the accompanying ethical values and how these are motivated by organization managers. According to Daft (2013), organizational culture exists at two levels – on the surface are the visible characteristics and observable behaviors and below the surface are the underlying values, assumptions, and beliefs that make up the second level (p. 393). At First Union, the issue with corporate culture touches on both levels of organizational culture. The observable behaviorsRead MoreThe Financial Industry And Its Impact On The Canadian Economy2254 Words   |  10 Pagesis considered to be really stable and highly ranked globally. During the financial crisis in 2008, it was widely viewed as a very resilient industry, as no Canadian bank failed. (Cite financial services) Vancity, a cooperative financial credit union has always been in the lead with the community as the focal point. The organizational structure is different from most traditional corporations, as it is owned and controlled by its members who also contribute capital to finance the organization. (CiteRead MoreHofstede Analysis Canada1482 Words   |  6 PagesHofstede Analysis Canada Canada is the top country in the world for an American business to expand because of its very similar culture to the United States. Geert Hofsted a prominent psychologist has studied the Canadian way of life and has set up a ranking system that proves why Canada is so ideal for American businesses to operate. Hofstede’s ranking system is based on analyzing 5 dimensions that target key aspects of a country’s society. These dimensions are power distance, individualism, uncertainty

Freud s Theory Of Anxiety - 937 Words

ISTDP was developed based on Freud’s second theory of anxiety (Della Selva, 1996). Freud’s theory suggested that anxiety rise when forbidden feelings and impulses are expressed because anxiety acts as a signal for defenses. Defenses are activated so that it would ward off the â€Å"dangerous† emotions, and thus reduce anxiety (Malan Della Selva, 2012). According to Davanloo, â€Å"dangerous† could be any feeling, impulses, or action that could threaten an attachment bond, usually with significant others such as a caretaker (Malan Della Selva, 2012). Essentially, any feeling, impulse, or action that results in separation from a loved one is experienced as threatening. ISTDP see all hidden feelings as mixed emotions arising as a reaction towards a rupture in a significant relationship (Schrà ¶der et al., 2013). Davanloo stated that at the core or center of the human experience is our innate capacity and desire to find love and attachment and this typically starts with our caregiver (Della Selva, 1996; Malan Della Selva, 2012). He went on to say that when the desire to attach is not achieved, this cause us pain and grief, giving rise to retaliatory anger toward the depriving individuals. This anger is then interpreted as guilt and guilt increases anxiety because we recognizes that anger is now a threat to the very attachment bond that we are trying to form. Finally, if this pattern of not forming meaningful relationship occurs often enough, we will withdraw and begin to createShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder or GAD is described as excessive, exaggerat ed anxiety and worry about everyday life events with no logical reasons to justify it. Symptoms from this particular type of mental disorder include over exaggerated worrying and anxiety, an unrealistic view of situations in everyday life, fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and more. Life becomes a constant state of worry and dread. Eventually, the anxiety overtakes the person s mindset so muchRead MoreSigmund Freud And Emile Durkheim On Religion1587 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper examines the works of Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim on religion, looking at how both theorists essentially viewed religion as serving an integral role in human culture. In particular, this essay considers how both theorists consider religious believers to be mistaken in their ontological beliefs, and the rational causes for this. While both Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim are concerned with the study of human behaviour as it relates to culture, each does so from within distinct traditionsRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theories About Psychoanalysis And The Unconscious Mind1003 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology, 5th Block Sigmund Freud s Theories about Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud was well known for his theories on psychoanalysis, and it was used to help understand the unconscious mind better. In Freud s lifetime, he grew to be a very influential person of the twentieth century. The western society still uses words that he introduced in his time, some are libido, repression, denial, and neurotic. He was the founding father of the theory of psychoanalysis, which explainsRead MoreSigmund Freud. Briana Gates. Mr. Wiles. Psyc 43101-01:1611 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud Briana Gates Mr. Wiles PSYC 43101-01: History and Systems of Psychology February 25, 2017 On May 6, 1856, a baby by the name of Sigmund Freud was born, in a what is now known as the Czech Republic (Schultz Schultz, 2012). After moving around a bit, Freud eventually settled in Vienna, and spent most his life there. It is without question that Sigmund Freud is a well-known name, and that he can be considered the father of what is known as psychoanalysis, seeing as how heRead MoreSigmund Freud : The Father Of Freudian Psychology1492 Words   |  6 Pages Literary Theory Paper Sigmund Freud is the father of Freudian Psychology. He is considered a founding father of psychoanalysis and came up with the verbal psychotherapy. Sigmund Freud change the way we view childhood, personality, memory, sexuality and therapy. Throughout history, other doctors have added on to Freud s theories but at the same time remembering whose theories they are. Freuds theory of psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious aspects of personality. His theories consist ofRead MorePsychoanalytic Theory According to Freud and Adler1406 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Psychoanalytic Theory According to Freud and Adler Introduction The field of psychology has produced a variety of influential theories. The major schools of thought in the field have distinct philosophical and empirical foundations which have shaped their goals as well as their methods. Although no particular school of thought has given us an exhaustive understanding of human psychology, each has produced ideas that are useful for understanding particular areas of it. The modern period of psychologyRead MoreSociological Perspective On Psychology : Psychodynamic Psychology1067 Words   |  5 PagesSummarize Major Historical Perspective in Psychology Essay Psychodynamic Perspective- There is four major perspectives in psychology: Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Humanistic, and Cognitive. Each theory represents a psychology approach to unlock the human mind. A psychology approach is known as a perspective; today there are many different approaches in psychology that contain specified beliefs about the mind and Human Behavior. Individually each perspective is different they have their strong pointsRead MoreThe Theory Of Oedipus Complex1469 Words   |  6 Pagesinitially used by Sigmund Freud as he developed a theory to explain the stages of psychosexual stages of development in an attempt to explain or describe the boy child feelings of attraction to the mother and anger and envy towards the father (Fear, 2005). Basically, the boy may feel like he is competing with the father for the belonging and possession of the mother. The boy sees the father as a threat for her affections, desires and attentions. In terms of the psychoanalytic theory, Oedipus complex mayRead MoreArgument Essay : Withholding The Missing Portion 1690 Words   |  7 PagesPortion. Fish s article argues that Freud s main concern in his writings is to influence the reader of the strength of his readings and the power of his theory through his clever use of rhetoric. In particular, Fish refers to the role of the unconscious in Freud s theory, arguing that it can be freely used by Freud in such a way that it can appear to account for any data acquired in practice. This attitude reflects the commonly-held view amongst modern scientists that Freud s theories are unscientificRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1073 Words   |  5 PagesLuwanna Perry Theories Counseling 06/27/2014 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is considered to be the most important figures in the field of psychiatry and psychology. His ideas about psychoanalysis were developed in the 1800’s but are still being used today in the mental health field (www.studymode.com). Sigmund Freud was one of the pioneers/innovator of modern-day psychology. â€Å"As the originator of psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as an

Placement Three †Critical reflection Free Essays

string(113) " plans could lead to an improved self-image and a greater likelihood that they will reach their treatment goals\." Introduction According to Doel (2010) social work placements provide not just the opportunity for practice learning, ‘they are about a wider philosophy, linking practice to academic learning, research and continuing professional development’ (p4). Consequently, placement forms an integral part of the journey of Social Work Education. My third and final placement has been within the Social work team on Thames ward, River House, Bethlem Royal Hospital which is a Medium Secure Psychiatric facility providing treatment and rehabilitation for 15 male, mentally disordered offenders with a diagnosis of mental illness and or personality disorders. We will write a custom essay sample on Placement Three – Critical reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through this critical reflection on my placement I will be looking at my learning in areas such as law and policy, risk, linking theory to practice, communication and multi-professional working which have all formed an integral part of my placement. Moreover, I will also be exploring my learning and personal development in areas such as anti-discriminatory practice, reflective practice and the role of supervision in my development throughout placement. Having successfully completed all of my academic modules as well as two practice placements I felt somewhat better prepared for this placement than I did with my first. I felt that I had grown as a professional and now possessed proven practical skills. Moreover, I felt more confident in my ability to work with service users; linking social work theories and values to my practice. However, having no experience of working with this service user group I felt slightly anxious about my placement, especially as it was within a Secure Unit and that I would be working with purely male service users. This was not helped by my first visit to River House, the high perimeter fences and strict security procedures led to me feeling that I was entering a prison as opposed to a hospital environment. Upon reflection I felt that my anxiety was largely due to my negative preconceptions about mental illness especially my belief that mentally ill people are violent, unpredictable, and dangerous. These views were not only a result of a lack of knowledge about mental illness and personality disorders but also about the influence of negative media and cultural stereotypes that I had grown up with. I realised that these views were something that I would need to continually be aware of throughout this placement so as to work in an anti discriminatory manner (Unit 19). According to Thompson (2006) good practice is anti-discriminatory; therefore, being aware of avoiding assumptions which are discriminatory or oppressive can contribute positively to empowerment of service users. Mullen (2000) highlights that forensic mental health involves the assessment and treatment of those who are both mentally disordered and whose behaviour has led, or could lead, to offending (p309). Additionally, McInerny (2004) highlights that although secure hospitals are not prisons it is important that the relationship between security and therapy is properly managed. Through working as part of the clinical team I came to understand that the role of the unit is the treatment and rehabilitation of the patients with a large focus on risk management and care planning. I initially found it challenging to not look at patients from a purely medical perspective, for example by immediately attributing patient’s offending as a consequence of their mental illness. I benefited from a teaching session with the Clinical psychiatrist who clarified that mental illness does not cause patients to commit crimes rather, the propensity to commit a criminal offence is demographically determined . Additionally, I learnt that certain mental illnesses gave patients the propensity to commit particular crimes for example that there is a link between personality disorders and antisocial behaviours. Discrimination and empowerment Although patients were transferred on and off the ward throughout my placement I noted that there were disproportionate amount of black African and Caribbean men on the ward. As the placement progressed I noted that that throughout River house black and ethnic minority men formed a large proportion of the patients. A number of studies including one by Harrison (2002) have found that in comparison African-Caribbean men are more likely to be admitted to psychiatric hospitals, diagnosed with schizophrenia and sectioned under the Mental Health Act. Additionally a 2008 mental health services census found that that overall rates of detention were higher than average among the black Caribbean and black African men by 20 to 36 per cent (Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection 2008). According to Harrison (2002) negative attitudes towards mental distress can be compounded by other forms of discrimination such as race for example the belief that black men are more likely to be violent t han their white counterparts. The majority of staff on the ward including myself and my practice teacher were from black and ethnic minority groups and I initially wondered whether the patients took this as a positive and empowering factor in that they could identify with the nurses and social worker. Conversely, whether given that those who could be said to hold the ‘real decision making power’ such as the psychiatrist were white, additionally the majority of the ethnic minority staff were female, I wondered whether the patients felt disempowered by this. However as the placement developed it emerged that all professionals on the ward worked in unison and that decisions were always made by the multi professional team as a whole (Unit 17). I felt that this projected a message to the patients that none of the professional worked in isolation; as such they could attribute respect to us all as part of their care team. I found that that there was a good level of patient involvement in their own care pla ns as wells patients’ views being taken into consideration in decision making processes. Consequently I felt that this helped to empower the patients to a degree (Unit 5, Unit 7). Chinman et al (1999) contends participation treatment planning can also be empowering, in addition, that people with severe mental illness being able to actively participate in designing their own treatment plans could lead to an improved self-image and a greater likelihood that they will reach their treatment goals. You read "Placement Three – Critical reflection" in category "Essay examples" However, authors such as Rosenfeld and Turkheimer (1995) and Linhorst et al (2002) argue, the severity of mental illness can be the main barrier to empowerment as some patients may lack the full capacity to process information, weigh choices and make informed decisions about their treatment. Furthermore, there is a danger that some patients especially those who have been in-patients for extended periods of time, may have become institutionalised or dependant on mental health services and as such do not ever have a fully desire to engage in and progress through patient recovery pathways. According to Golightley (2004) social workers need to work in unison with medical and other health professionals whilst remaining at the forefront of processes that include and empower services users. As a result I found that it was important to develop as good of a relationship as I could with each of the patients I worked with (Unit 1, Unit 2, Unit 5). According to Mason (2011) â€Å"Relationships are recognised as an integral and influential component of the therapeutic process and highly influential within service users’ care and treatment. This is even more important due to the power imbalance exists between patients and professionals† The patients on the ward engage in many therapeutic activities including groups such as understanding mental illness, index related work, substance misuse. Although patients may find it empowering to engage in therapeutic activities and groups as these would aid their recovery and rehabilitation; this for me raised questions about the power that professionals hold over the patient as well as the genuine nature of the patient’s engagement. That is because patients engagement in such activities directly correlated with the amount of progress they made towards discharge. Authors such as Lowry (1998) argue that within forensic mental health settings, patients are contained in an environment which automatically restricts choice, and autonomy. Consequently, the focus has tended to be on ‘compliance’ rather than active service user ‘engagement’ in therapeutic interventions. Rogers et al (1997), defined empowerment as â€Å"the connection between a sense of personal competence, a desire for and a willingness to take action in the public domain’’. Through my time on the ward I directly empowered patients in a number of ways (Unit 2, Unit3, Unit 5, Unit 6, Unit 10). This includes ensuring I incorporated their views in my assessments and allowed them to read my assessments and raise any concerns that they had before the final drafts were submitted (Unit 3, Unit 11, Unit 14, Unit 16 ). Moreover I ensured I gained their consent to gather information about them from their family or other services. I ensured that I provided patients informed choice over how they handle their finances as some patients’ finances were managed by their family. Additionally, I did some specific work supporting a patient to re-establish contact with his sister where he had previously no contact with any family members. I also supported another patient to make an informed decision about his relinquishing the tenancy of his flat. Although these patients have no choice about being in hospital I found that being able to make such decisions and take corresponding actions was very empowering for them. This is supported by Jones Meleis (1993) who contend that empowerment is both process and outcome, which encompass people’s rights, strengths and abilities, implying competence or the development of potential. Linking theory to practice Being in a hospital environment there was undoubted a large emphasis on the medical model in which mental health is looked at in relation to illness and illness management. However, especially where a patient was due to be discharged great emphasis was placed on the social model which included the understanding that social exclusion and stigma could present as ‘the greatest barrier to social inclusion and recovery’ for the patients (Social Exclusion Unit 2004). This is because of society’s negative perceptions about people with mental health problems can lead to them being stigmatised, labelled as being violent, and dangerous. Although at the beginning I held some of these views, working closer with the patients on my ward, as well as spending time in community hostels and community mental health teams, I came to see how difficult it is for our patients to reintegrate back into society and the anxiety that this caused them prior to discharge (Unit 19). This is bec ause they not only suffered from a mental illness but the fact that they had also been through the criminal justice system, leading to them possibly suffering discriminated on multiply grounds. Thus with regards to my role I found that the social model in addition to the dominant medical model formed the underlying rationale for the work I did. Through conducting various assessments I was able to gain a better appreciation for the need to take a multi-faceted approach in working with patients and as such developed my ability to link social work theories to practice. According to Golightly (2008) the likely cause of mental disorder is a complex interaction between a range of factors; encompassing biological, psychological and social factors (p36). Consequently, mental health should always be addressed from a perspective that ‘reflects the understanding that human beings are biological, psychological and social creatures all at the same time’ (Dombeck and Wells-Moran, 2006, p52) (Unit18). Using Collingwood’s (2005) model I noted that I used theories such as systems theory, theories on attachment and loss, as well as a biological and psychological models to inform my practice and assessments. A systemic approach takes the view that an individual is best understood through assessing the interactions within their family, community and wider socio-political environments (Payne 1997, p123). This is important especially as the majority of our patients fit within a particular demographic that being males from ethnic minority backgrounds many of who have experienced disadvantaged upbringings and disruptive family backgrounds. This is also the reason why theories relating to attachment and loss are pertinent in informing assessments. Biological and psychological models provide an important basis for the formation of understanding, treating and managing mental illness and personality disorders. Through this placement I have learnt that it is important to combine knowled ge from these theoretical perspectives in order to produce a comprehensive assessment (Unit 1, Unit 2, Unit 3, Unit 6). As well as theories which are used to inform practice there are also theories which are used to intervene, these include biological and psychological models through the use of medication and both group and individual therapies. I found that I largely took a person centred approach in working with the patient’s especially in the assessment process in that I strove to identify what was important to the patient from their own perspective and strove to find appropriate solutions (Brewis, 2007, p.4) (Unit 18) . In doing so, I also used task centred practice. According to Howe (1987 p82) in task centred practice, problems are defined as identifiable pieces of behaviour, goals are set and mutually agreed with service users, involvement proceeds by way of small sequential, manageable steps. Payne (1997) argues that task centred work aims for collaboration between worker and client to target problems where the goal is to utilise, extend and consolidate the service user’s strengt h and abilities (p.108). However Doel (1994) argues that although this would not be an equal partnership, in the sense that powers roles and responsibilities would differ, however, true partnership is open about these differences as ‘partnership should be based on a common understanding of the reason for doing the work’ (p30). For example after undertaking an assessment of a patient I would give them the assessment to read within a given time frame and ask them to make note of any errors or questions that they had about their assessment. As with my first placement I learnt that the process of assessment is an intervention within itself in that I was able to challenge patients to think about their overall progress as well as specific inappropriate behaviours, but also to look into their insight into their mental illnesses and index offences (Unit 9). Underpinning my use of theories are the social work values, in this placement there was a heavy focus on anti-discriminatory practice, advocacy and empowerment (Unit 19). Moreover, I learnt that as a professional I was also a resource in that I was able to communicate patient needs and concerns to the clinical team, advocate for and provide information to the patients where necessary (Unit 10). I felt that as the placement progressed and my knowledge in areas such as the Mental Health Act 1983 (as amended by the Mental Health Act 2007) and awareness of support services and agencies increased, I was able to provide a better service to the patients. Emotional intelligence During both my first and second placements I developed a greater understanding of the term ‘emotional intelligence’ as developed by Salovey and Mayer (1990). Emotional intelligence is about being an aware of my own emotions and the need to not only manage but also to reflect upon them so as to see how they might affect my interactions with patients and ultimately how they impact upon my assessments (Unit 18, Unit 20). According to Howe (2009) emotional intelligence can have an affects on behaviour, I found that this was important to note as from the onset of this placement I was aware that I held negative stereotypes about mental illness and as such was concerned as to how this would affect the way that I worked. According to Taylor and White (2000) ‘the assumptions we have about social problems and the people who experience these problems have ethical and practical consequences’ (cited in D’Cruz, Gillingham and Melendez (2007). I found that as the pl acement progressed and as I gained greater knowledge and understanding of mental illness and personality disorders I was able to overcome some of my fears and prejudices. However, due to the nature of the work I always remained aware of the potential risks and the need to manage this risk by for example carrying my ASCOM alarm at all times whilst on the ward, ensuring I sat close to exits and alarms when alone with patients in the interviews rooms etc. (Unit 13). I felt that my ability to manage and reflect upon my own emotions and those of others was tested during this placement especially on one occasion when I felt caught in an ongoing issue between a challenging patient and his family (Unit 20). In this instance in as much as I could understand the family’s concern about the patient, who was spending his money erratically, I tried to impart on the family the many difficulties I was faced with in working with the patient. However it soon emerged that, as I continued to liaise with the patient and his family, both parties were challenging to work with. This was due not only to the patient’s perception that decisions were being made about him without his involvement but also the families concerns that the patient was being allowed to spend his money despite there being a ward policy in place allowing only ?40 weekly. In this situation I found it difficult to manage the patients emotions (especially as he was quite unwell at tim es became verbally aggressive), those of the family as well as my own and had to turn to the multi disciplinary care team to help me to deal with the situation (Unit 17). My ability to manage and contain the emotions of others was also tested whilst shadowing my Practice Teacher in her capacity as an Approved Mental Health Professional. In this instance a decision was made to assess a man under section 2, Mental Health Act, (1983, amended in 2007), who was felt to be suffering from a mental disorder. The police were called due to the fact that he had assaulted one of the assessing psychiatrists and he needed to be safely conveyed to hospital to minimise further risk to others. I found the whole experience quite difficult to handle emotionally, especially as I spent the majority of the assessment with his mother who became quite very distressed at seeing her son being taking away by police even if it was to hospital for treatment. I found remaining calm and professional in this instance very difficult in that dealing with the emotions his mother as well as the chaotic manor of the situation was quite overwhelming. Upon reflection I feel that this situa tion highlighted some of my initial reservations about working with mentally ill service users but it also highlighted to me the impact that mental illness can have on the families of the patients. The situation also highlighted that I needed to continue to build my emotional resolve as I would undoubtedly experience more distressing situations in my role as a qualified social work practitioner (Unit 20). Legislation Similar to my first placement I quickly learnt how legal and policy requirements direct practice, with the Mental Health Act (1983) as amended by the Mental health Act (2007) being the main legal instrument in use in this setting. The Mental Health Act (1983) covers the detention of people who are deemed to be a risk to themselves or others. The Act sets out the legal framework for the care and treatment of mentally disordered persons, by providing the legislation under which people suffering from a mental disorder can be detained in hospital to have their disorder assessed or treated against their wishes (Unit 18). The Act gives powers for Crown or Magistrates Courts to remand an accused person to hospital either for treatment or for a report on their mental disorder. It also provides powers for a Court to make a hospital order for the detention in hospital of a person convicted of an offence who requires treatment and care; this is done on the basis of two medical recommendations. A restriction order under section 41 may be imposed at the same time which places restrictions on movement and discharge of a patient detained under section a 37 hospital treatment order; all movement is then subject to agreement from the Ministry of Justice this is necessary to minimise risk to the public. Moreover, the Act also contains powers to transfer prisoners to hospital for treatment of a mental disorder under section 48/49. Patients may apply to Mental Health Review Tribunals (First Tier Tribunals) who consider whether the conditions for continued detention are still present and have the power to order a conditional or absolute discharge. Patients can also apply to the Hospital Managers to review their case. Throughout this placement I was continually developing an understanding of the application of the Mental Health Act (Unit 18). I became especially interested in the effect of section 41, I found it interesting that for some patients this provided impetus for them to w ork towards their own recovery and discharge by engaging fully in their care plans, through partaking in therapeutic groups, not using illicit substances, or posing as management problems in order to evidence to the Ministry of justice that their overall risks had decreased. However others appeared content to remain in hospital and were not actively working towards their discharged. This led to me considering whether some patients had become dependent on institutional care. Risk In my first placement in a Children’s Services safeguarding team I found the concept of ‘risk’ difficult to fully understand. I found it difficult to identify risk and as such address how it could be minimised and managed. In my second placement work with The AIDS Support Organisation in Uganda, risk was an obvious concept to appreciate. Throughout this placement I feel that I have really developed a greater understanding of the concept of risk and as such I have gained greater confidence in the identification of risk and assessment of how it can be managed (Unit 9, Unit 12, Unit 13). According to Scott (1977) ‘risk’ is defined by an assessment of a particular behaviour, the potential damage or likely harm from that behaviour and the probability that it will occur and under what circumstances. Moreover, following research on mental illness and violent behaviour Mossman (1994) argues that past behaviour can be used as the best predictor of future behav iour. I was able to use this knowledge whilst working with the patients on a daily basis but crucially I used this knowledge to inform my assessments so as to be able to identify and assess risks posed by the patients using past and present behaviours. Mullen (2000) argues that mental health services have a responsibility to do all that they can to provide appropriate care and support to those mentally disordered people with the aim to identify and manage risks before they manifest in violence. Throughout this placement I have had to be conscious of ‘risk’ on a daily basis, I have learnt that in as much as the patients could pose a risk to themselves as well as others, their mental illness also leaves them vulnerable and at risk of harm themselves (Unit 12). Rehabilitation Throughout this placement risk was strongly linked with the concept of rehabilitation. As with everything else on this placement I found that rehabilitation was a multi faceted exercise that involved a variety of professionals, treatments and approaches. This includes medication for the treatment and management of the symptoms of mental health, therapies such as art and relaxation, groups to improve social functioning and provide patients with greater insight not only into mental illness but also issues such as substance misuse. A theory that I found that was used whenever the term ‘rehabilitation’ was mentioned was the ‘Recovery Model’. The Recovery Model is an approach to the treatment of mental illness that emphasizes and supports an individual’s potential for recovery. Recovery is seen as a personal journey as opposed to a destination that may involve developing hope, a secure base and sense of self, supportive relationships, empowerment, social i nclusion, coping skills, and meaning (Jacobson and Greenley (2001). Due to the complexities of need presented by service users within the setting of the medium secure unit, it is important that a range of approaches and treatments is taken in order to aid recovery. As I have previously stated this includes therapeutic group-work such as the managing mental health group which I co-facilitated (Unit 8). I learnt the importance of constantly reviewing the therapies and services that are provided to the patients in order to measure their effectiveness for example in the group I facilitated at the end of the group sessions I was involved in writing individual patient evaluations where I looked at each patients’ engagement to see what they were gaining from the process (Unit 15). This is important as authors like Heinzel (2000) argue that it cannot be forgotten that groups although therapeutic they are also cost effective as they allow for the delivery of relevant support to a larg er number of patients at the same time, consequently reviewing their performance is of grave importance. Social work also played a role in this by ensuring that patients’ social needs were met through liaising and facilitating visits from family and friends and ensuring patients were receiving the correct benefits etc. This was more important for patients that were due to be discharged as I was involved in looking for appropriate accommodation and daytime occupation for patients all of which are fundamental part of rehabilitating patients back into the community. Moreover, I learnt that giving patients leave from the ward and hospital premises was also important in allowing them to become reintegrated back into society. According to Mullen (2000) rehabilitation is a preventative process as striving to decrease the risk posed by an individual is not only beneficial for others but also for the individual themselves in enabling them to move closer to living safely in the community. The focus on treatment, care and rehabilitation highlighted to me that despite being a secure environ ment unlike prison, the aim is not to confine and contain offenders as punishment but rather to treat and provide care. Part of rehabilitation involves being reintroduced back into the community, I was involved in an in numbers referrals to hostels as well as accompanying patients to their assessment visits. Also when the facilitation of a move into a community hostel placement broke down, I was also involved in gaining new funding for a new placement as well as completing the referral to the new provider in a short space of time (Unit 4, Unit 15). Multi-professional working Risk management, rehabilitation and care planning are all heavily reliant on effective multi professional working (Unit 17). A great example of this that I took part in during placement was the Care Programme approach (CPA). Section 117 of the Mental Health Act (1983) places a duty on health and social services to provide after care to patients detained under the Act. The CPA was originally developed as a response to poor after care services in mental health services and provides a framework for care coordination and resource allocation. Consequently, CPA is essential to providing seamless care for service users. Within this framework multi-disciplinary working is seen as the main vehicle for the assessment, planning, organising, delivering and monitoring of services (Wix and Humphreys 2005). This is because the CPA focuses on both the health and social care needs of the patient with the aim to ensure that service users have access to the full range of community support they need in order to promote their recovery and integration (Unit 5, Unit 7, Unit 14, Unit 16, Unit 17). Consequently, I have learnt that multi-disciplinary work and multi-agency working plays a central role in producing comprehensive assessments and care plans (Unit 11). According to Wigfall and Moss (2001), multi-agency work is ‘about bring various professions together to understand a particular problem, in this sense they afford different perspectives on issues at hand’ (p71 cited in Walker (2008) p13). Unlike my first placement I felt a greater part of the multi professional team and that the professionals were able to work in unison for the benefit of the patients. Supervision Supervision formed an integral part of this placement. According to Noble and Irwin (2009) supervision is underpinned by a shared commitment to fostering a learning-centred partnership and that this learning partnership becomes an essential component of professional development. Similar to my first placement I found this statement to be true as supervision enabled me develop reflective as well as reflexive practice (Unit 18, Unit 19, Unit 21). However, due to the unfamiliar nature of this placement setting, supervision became even more important as â€Å"a bridge across the education-practice gap† (Tsui, 2005) in that it was in supervision that I received teaching around mental illnesses and other related areas such as law. This was especially important as unlike my first placement where I had already undertaken an entire academic module on assessment in Children and Families, I had not received as much focused learning on mental health. Consequently, supervision became a valu able tool in not only increasing my knowledge in this area but also for my overall professional development (Unit 18). Supervision also enabled me to think about research and best practice guidance and to work towards incorporating evidence-based methods into my practice. Through supervision I felt that I was able to develop what Urdang (2010) refers to as ‘centred and stable professional self’ (p.525) ensuring that I did not become overly-involved with the patients but maintained professional boundaries, keeping in mind risk and safety procedures whilst maintain a good working relationship with patients. Moreover I was able to work toward promoting values of best Social Work Practice, especially ensuring that I worked in a holistic manner as authors such as Kadushin (1990) argue that ‘the myth of sameness can result in oppression’. Additionally, Thompson (2009) argues that â€Å"treating everybody the same’ simply has the effect of reinforcing exis ting inequalities’ (p.140). That was very important to bare in mind as the patients had been already labelled and categorized as ‘mentally ill offenders’, I had to work to ensure that I treated them all as individuals. Additionally, supervision provided the opportunity to think about the ethical issues that were raised in working with the patients for example balancing my own feelings about some of the clients’ offences and ensuring that this did not impact on the working relationship I had with them (Unit 20). Thompson (2009) highlights that such considerations are important because of the tension that balancing care and control creates in such a working environment. Conclusion Reaching the end of this placement has allowed me to reflect back on my personal and professional progress not only in this placement but also throughout my studies as a whole. I feel that this placement has afforded me greater understanding and knowledge of mental illness and has made me less anxiety about working with mentally ill people in the future. In my first placement I identified a future learning goal as increasing my capacity to manage stress as well as prioritising my work so as to be more effective. I felt that I was able to achieve this more within this placement than before and I can attribute that to the great amount of support I received not only from my practice teacher but from the entire multi-professional team on Thames ward. This placement has also provided me with the opportunity to work with groups of individuals in order to achieve positive change; I was able to refine my skills in presenting information and engaging individuals in group discussions and debates. I felt that overall I found it easier having already completed two placements to link theory and academic learning to my practice and felt that this was demonstrated in the assessments that I undertook as well as my direct work with patients (Unit 3). Unlike the first placement I felt a greater sense that I was part of a multi professional team and felt that I had greater involvement in the decision making processes including Hospital Managers meetings and Mental Health Review Tribunals. In as much as I learnt a lot on this placement I have identified some future learning needs. Although, this placement was not as emotive as my first placement I feel that I will need to continue to develop my emotional resilience and ability to manage stress and stressful situations including dealing with difficult clients and their families. I feel that as I go on to practice as a qualified social worker I will need to continually strive to be a reflective and reflexive practitioner, I will need to continue to use evidence based practices and promote best social work practice. Overall I have thoroughly enjoyed this placement; I feel that my practice teacher provided me with interesting and varied learning opportunities which enabled me to get a comprehensive understanding and experience of forensic mental health social work. I felt that I was able to form positive working relationships with staff and patients as reflected in my service user and colleague feedback; I hope that I made a positive contribution to the team and also to the patients. References 1.Brewis, R. (2007) A Voice and A Choice: self-directed support by people with mental health needs, a discussion paper http://www.in-control.org.uk/media/6235/a%20voice%20and%20a%20choice%20.pdf Chinman MJ, Allende M, Weingarten J, Tworkowski S, Davidson L (1999). A Road To Collaborative Treatment Planning And Provider Perspectives. Journal Of Behavioral Health Services And Research, 26:211–218 Collingwood P. (2005) ‘Integrating theory and Practice, the three stage theory framework’ Journal of Practice Teaching in Health and Social Work. Vol 6, No 1, p 6-23 Commission For Healthcare Audit And Inspection (2008). Count Me, Results Of The 2008 National Census Of Inpatients In Mental Health And Learning Disability Services In England And Wales London: Commission For Healthcare Audit And Inspection. D’Cruz, H., Gillingham, P. Melendez, S. (2007). Reflexivity, its meanings and relevance for social work: A critical review of the literature. British Journal of Social Work, 37, 73-90. Doel, M. (1994) Task Centred Work in Hanvey, C. and Philpot T. (Eds.) Practising Social Work London Routledge pp. 22-34 Doel, M. (2010], Social Work Placements: A Traveller’s Guide, London: Routledge Dombeck, M. and Wells-Moran, J. (2006) The Bio-Psycho-Social Model available online at http://www.centersite.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=9709cn=353 accessed 13/06/2011. Golightley M (2004) Social Work And Mental Health, Learning Matters, Exeter Golightly, M, (2008) Social Work and Mental Health, (3rd edition), Learning Matters, Exeter. Harrison, G., 2002, ‘Ethnic Minorities And The Mental Health Act’, The British Journal Of Psychiatry (2002) 180: 198-199 Heinzel, R. (2000). Outpatient psychoanalytic individual and group psychotherapy in a nationwide follow-up study in Germany. Group Analysis, 33. Howe, D (2009) The Emotionally Intelligent Social Worker. Basingstoke Howe, D. (1987) An Introduction to Social Work Theory. Aldershot, Wildwood House. 15. Jacobson, N. and Greenley, D. (2001). ‘What Is RecoveryA Conceptual Model and Explication, Psychiatric Services, 52, pp 482-485. 16. Jones P.S and Meleis A.L (1993). Health Is Empowerment. Advances In Nursing Science, 15:1–14 17. Kadushin, A (1990) The Social Work Interview, New York: Columbia University Press Linhorst D.M, Hamilton G, Young E, Eckert A (2002). Opportunities And Barriers To Empowering People With Severe Mental Illness Through Participation In Treatment Planning. Social Work, 47:425–434 Lowry (1998), Issues Of Non-Compliance In Mental Health. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 28: 280–287 Mason, Kathryn And Adler, Joanna R. (2011) Factors That Influence Engagement In Therapeutic Group-Work Within A High Security Hospital Environment: Male Service User Perspectives. British Journal Of Forensic Practice Mcinerny, T. Minne, C. (2004). Principles Of Treatment For Mentally Disordered Offenders. Criminal Behaviour Mental Health, 14 Suppl 1, S43-S47. Milner, J. and O’Byrne, P. (2002). Assessment in Social Work . Basingstoke: Palgrave. Mossman, D. (1994) Assessing Predictions of Violence: Being Accurate about Accuracy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62 (4) 783-792. Mullen, P.E, (2000) Forensic Mental Health The British Journal Of Psychiatry 176: 307-311 Noble, C. Irwin, J. (2009). Social work supervision: An exploration of the current challenges in a rapidly changing social, economic, and political environment. Journal of Social Work, 9 (3), 345-358 Payne, M. (1997) Modern Social Work Theory, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan Publications, Rogers SE, Chamberlin J, Langer EM, Crean T (1997). A Consumer Constructed Scale To Measure Empowerment Among Users Of Mental Health Services. Psychiatric Services, 48:1042–1047 Rosenfeld B.D, Turkheimer E.N (1995). Modelling Psychiatric Patients’ Treatment Decision Making. Law And Human Behavior, 19:389–405 Scott, P. D. (1977) Assessing dangerousness in criminals. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 127–142 Social Exclusion Unit (2004) Mental Health And Social Exclusion. London: Office of The Deputy Prime Minister. Thompson, N (2009) Understanding Social Work, Basingstoke: Palgrave Thompson, N. (2006) Anti Discriminatory Practice (4th Edition) Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Tsui, Ming-sum (2005). Social Work Supervision: Contexts and Concepts. New Deli: Sage Urdang, E (2010) ‘Awareness of self – a critical tool,’ Social Work Education, vol 29:5 pp.523-538 Walker, G. (2008) Working Together for Children: A Critical Introduction to Multi-Agency Working. London: Continuum International Publishing Group Wix S Humphreys M, S. (2005) eds. Multidisciplinary Working in Forensic Mental Health Care.) Oxford: Elsevier Science Zastrow, C. (2009). Introduction To Social Work And Social Welfare: Empowering People: Cengage Learning. How to cite Placement Three – Critical reflection, Essay examples

Citizens Rights and Responsibilities free essay sample

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens In today’s society, the responsibilities of the citizens are to know their rights. Citizens are expected to; understand the rules that our government has presented to us, abide by these rules for our own well being and freedom, and serve our communities and government back. In 1789, the Constitution of the United States was ratified. Many people were not pleased with this constitution; they felt as though it did not protect their rights to the fullest extent and wanted to amend the constitution. On December 15, 1791, the Constitution of the United States was amended and we were given ten amendments, known as The Bill of Rights, to protect our freedoms. The Bill of Rights is a list of the most important rights citizens have and value. The purpose of the bill is to protect against any infringement from the government, so the citizens can live in a free nation and have control over their communities and lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Citizens Rights and Responsibilities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first amendment on the Bill of Rights states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. † This amendment protects the right to fallow whatever religion one chooses to and be able to safely practice that religion. The amendment also grants one the freedom to say whatever they want, as long as it does not cause an out break of danger and chaos. Freedom of the press allows one to write and publish anything appropriate to the community. Freedom of assembly is the individual right to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue and defend common interests at certain times and places. Lastly, to petition the Government for a redress of grievances, this specifically prohibits Congress from abridging the right of the people. The second amendment; â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. This amendment guarantees a strong, well trained military to protect the United States. This amendment also protects the right to own a firearm and the government can’t say otherwise. â€Å"No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. † The third amendment states that soldiers are not allowed to be plac ed and granted access to live in ones home with out the owner agreeing to it first. The government may ask the owner, and with permission the soldier may take residency. The forth amendment states ; â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. This amendment protects the right of ones possession. Any representation of the government is not allowed to go though ones possessions and/or make an entry to ones living environment with out a warrant that allows such activities; then the government may search and take away personal belongings. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. The fifth amendment give one the right to refuse to answer a question because the response could provide self-incriminating evidence of an illegal conduct punished by fines, penalties or forfeiture. It also states that no one is to be denied the right to life, liberty, and property. Ones private property may not be taking by the government and used for the public without a higher consent. The sixth amendment of the Bill of Rights states; â€Å"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. This gives everyone convicted of a crime the right to a trial by jury in the district where the crime was committed. â€Å"In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. † The seventh amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil trials. The eighth amendment prohibits the government from excessive bail and from harsh, unlawful punishment. â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. † â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. † The ninth amendment addresses rights of the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The last amendment, the tenth amendment; â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people† restates the Constitutions principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution of the United States are reserved to the states or the people. The responsibilities of the citizens are also to vote, attend jury duty and to attend to community participation. Voting is not only a right, it is a privilege; by voting, the people have a voice in the government. If one is presented with the task of jury duty, they are expected to take off from work and attend. Jury duty is an important way to participate in government, unique to America and fundamental to preserving our commitment to government by the people. These are all rights for us, the citizens, as a way to retain control of our own lives and communities with out the infringement of the government so the government doesn’t have complete control. Work Sited: http://www. kids. gov/6_8/6_8_government_rights. shtml http://www. archives. gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript. html Citizens Rights and Responsibilities free essay sample In today’s society, the responsibilities of the citizens are to know their rights. Citizens are expected to; understand the rules that our government has presented to us, abide by these rules for our own well being and freedom, and serve our communities and government back. In 1789, the Constitution of the United States was ratified. Many people were not pleased with this constitution; they felt as though it did not protect their rights to the fullest extent and wanted to amend the constitution. On December 15, 1791, the Constitution of the United States was amended and we were given ten amendments, known as The Bill of Rights, to protect our freedoms. The Bill of Rights is a list of the most important rights citizens have and value. The purpose of the bill is to protect against any infringement from the government, so the citizens can live in a free nation and have control over their communities and lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Citizens Rights and Responsibilities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first amendment on the Bill of Rights states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. † This amendment protects the right to fallow whatever religion one chooses to and be able to safely practice that religion. The amendment also grants one the freedom to say whatever they want, as long as it does not cause an out break of danger and chaos. Freedom of the press allows one to write and publish anything appropriate to the community. Freedom of assembly is the individual right to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue and defend common interests at certain times and places. Lastly, to petition the Government for a redress of grievances, this specifically prohibits Congress from abridging the right of the people. The second amendment; â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. This amendment guarantees a strong, well trained military to protect the United States. This amendment also protects the right to own a firearm and the government can’t say otherwise. â€Å"No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. † The third amendment states that soldiers are not allowed to be plac ed and granted access to live in ones home with out the owner agreeing to it first. The government may ask the owner, and with permission the soldier may take residency. The forth amendment states ; â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. This amendment protects the right of ones possession. Any representation of the government is not allowed to go though ones possessions and/or make an entry to ones living environment with out a warrant that allows such activities; then the government may search and take away personal belongings. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. The fifth amendment give one the right to refuse to answer a question because the response could provide self-incriminating evidence of an illegal conduct punished by fines, penalties or forfeiture. It also states that no one is to be denied the right to life, liberty, and property. Ones private property may not be taking by the government and used for the public without a higher consent. The sixth amendment of the Bill of Rights states; â€Å"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. This gives everyone convicted of a crime the right to a trial by jury in the district where the crime was committed. â€Å"In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. † The seventh amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil trials. The eighth amendment prohibits the government from excessive bail and from harsh, unlawful punishment. â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. † â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. † The ninth amendment addresses rights of the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The last amendment, the tenth amendment; â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people† restates the Constitutions principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution of the United States are reserved to the states or the people. The responsibilities of the citizens are also to vote, attend jury duty and to attend to community participation. Voting is not only a right, it is a privilege; by voting, the people have a voice in the government. If one is presented with the task of jury duty, they are expected to take off from work and attend. Jury duty is an important way to participate in government, unique to America and fundamental to preserving our commitment to government by the people. These are all rights for us, the citizens, as a way to retain control of our own lives and communities with out the infringement of the government so the government doesn’t have complete control.

Roman Architecture Notes Essays - Architecture,

Roman Architecture Notes Q: Why is the colosseum so historically significant? M assive stone amphitheater known as the Colosseum was commissioned around A.D. 70-72 by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty as a gift to the Roman people In A.D. 80, Vespasian's son Titus opened the Colosseum-officially kn own as the Flavian Amphitheater with 100 days of games, including gladiatorial combats and wild animal fights A fter four centuries of active use, the magnificent arena fell into neglect, and up until the 18th century it was used as a source of building materials Measuring some 620 by 513 feet (190 by 155 meters), the Colosseum was the largest amphitheater in the Roman world. Inside, the Colosseum had seating for more than 50,000 spectators, who may have been arranged according to social ranking but were most likely packed into the space like sardines in a can (judging by evidence from the seating at other Roman amphitheaters). Awnings were unfurled from the top story in order to protect the audience from the hot Roman sun as they watched The vast majority of the combatants who fought in front of Colosseum audiences in Ancient Rome were men (though ther e were some female gladiators) Gladiators were generally slaves, condemne d criminals or prisoners of war Q: How did roman roads shrink the world? This is an expression which refers to travel being made quicker and easier by th e development of communications Romans build a vast road network in their empire which totalled 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles) 20% of which (80,500 kilometres, 50,313 miles) were the famous stone-paved roads With the use of concrete and the arch, the Romans were able to build bridges which were much longer than ever before and could cross wider valleys and rivers This made it possible to cross mountains with much greater ease and to cross rivers much more qui ckly Bridges helped to develo p such a vast network of roads. Trajan's bridge crossed the river Danube and although it was on ly functional for a few decades It was the longest arch bridge for more than 1,000 years. It was 1,135 m (3,724 ft.) long, 15 m (49 ft.) wide, and 19 m (62 ft.) above the water level Q: How did the republic an period influence roman architecture? Republican Roman architecture was influenced by the Etruscans Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill in Rome, begun in the late 6th century B.C.E., The temple was erected from local tufa on a high podium (its frontality stood out) The porch is very deep and the visitor is meant to approach from only one access point, rather than walk all the way around The presence of three cellas, or cult rooms, was also unique In the late Republican period, architects began to experiment with concrete, testing its capability to see how the material might allow them to build on a grand scale The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia in modern day Palestrina is comprised of two complexes, an upper and a lower one The upper complex is built into a hillside and terraced with ramps and stairs leading from the terraces to the small theater and tholos temple at the pinnacle The entire compound is intricately woven together to manipulate the visitor's experience of sight, daylight and the a pproach to the sanctuary itself No longer dependent on post-and-lintel architecture, the builders utilized concrete to make a vast system of covered ramps, large te rraces, shops and barrel vaults Q: Where did roman architecture originate from? Roman architects continued to follow the guidelines established by the classical orders the Greeks had first shaped : Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian- The Romans did add ed their own ideas and their version of the Corinthian capital became much more decorative The Romans also created the composite capital which mixed the volute of the Ionic order with the aca nthus leaves of the Corinthian The Tuscan column was another adaptation of a traditional idea which was a form of Doric column but with a smaller capital, more slender shaft with out flutes, and a moulded base The Tuscan column (as it came to be known in the Renaissance period) was especially used

Women in American Politics at Ghost Writing Essays Essays

Women in American Politics at Ghost Writing Essays Essays Women in American Politics at Ghost Writing Essays Essay Women in American Politics at Ghost Writing Essays Essay American women in general have struggled in gaining people’s acceptance in both society and politicsghost (Sanbonmatsu, p. 368). More specifically, America has never had a woman president since the time of the Founding Fathers to the present time for several reasons. One is that American women have only recently experienced the liberty to go beyond the household tasks usually attributed to their gender roles. As a consequence, it is only recently that America has given ample room for women to excel in what has been the largely patriarchal structure of American politics, although the extent of participation given to American women are not yet completely realized.Two is that few American women have turned to politics and only few of these female politicians have actually taken the challenge to reshape the perception of male-dominance in the American presidency. And three is that even the current setting of American politics, which by and large is predomin antly occupied by men, contributes to the presence of the limitations faced by aspiring female politicians, which include either the low recognition of women candidates or the higher regard for male political aspirants within the political system itself (Thompson, p. 340).It is only in the late nineteenth century when women have gradually gained their liberty to participate in the affairs in the society and in the government with less restraint as compared to the earlier years. One thing that can be said from this is that there has been an awakening on the part of American women, knowing only quite recently the capabilities that they have in shaping the nation’s politics and using that knowledge to further expand their social recognition. However, even if women can now freely participate in the American political system, such freedom does not necessarily translate into having the large probability of, say, winning the local or national elections.It can also be said that the i nability to transform that freedom into the power to occupy important political positions rests on the earlier influence of men on the political system. Long before women were given the political capability to engage into politics, male Americans were already shaping the course of the American political system (Traube, p. 129). The very fact that we call the founders of the Constitution the Founding Fathers already hints at the patriarchal setting of the earlier days of the government. During those early years, the primary tasks of women were confined within households. They served as the ‘ornaments’ of men during social gatherings, so to speak.Given the unwelcoming history of how women had to endure the status of being ineffective members of the political society as far as the setup of the early political system is concerned, it can be said that it did not encourage American women to turn to politics immediately after they were given the chance to participate in politi cs. More importantly, even though we now see American women wielding political power in some areas of the United States, with Hillary Clinton bidding for a shot at the presidency although failing to do so in the end, the presence of these women barely match the presence of males in the American political system. The male dominance in that system is overwhelming that it sizes up any identifiable presence of females even in local political areas.The overwhelming dominance of males in American politics also contributes to the realization of the full participation of women in local politics to Congress, and even to the national government. The very existence of the higher regard for male politicians as a result of the long history of the patriarchal American politics continues to this day which, apparently, casts a long shadow from any attempts of American women to break political barriers and suffuse female perspectives into a largely male domain.As long as there is a lack of support f rom the status quo to further empower women to taking the political course with less hindrance and with more encouragement, it will remain difficult for American women to establish a substantial political presence with reputation (Yuval-Davis, p. 11). Even if we assume that there are thousands, if not millions, of women across the many States of the country seeking to occupy political positions in the national government, the absence of a groundswell of support both from the numerous localities and from the national government will only water down these efforts into a state of ineffectiveness.The recent turn of events in the recently concluded democratic nominations between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton tells us that Clinton will not be having a shot at the presidential race this November 2008. Moreover, such turn of events only implies that even in these modern time were men and women are said to be equals before the eyes of the society female presidential nominees still have a lot to do in order to stand at par with their male counterparts. The confidence of the public remains an important issue that should be addressed by aspiring female politicians in the national government.However, it can also be said that the participation of Hillary Clinton in the presidential nominations is one big step in making the public aware that it is no longer impossible for American women to rise above the challenge of changing the public perception that women cannot go higher in the political hierarchy. The fact alone that Clinton was able to earn thousands and thousands of popular votes and many delegates in the democratic presidential nominations sheds light on the question of whether America has already begun to accept the possibility of having a woman as president. The question now is no longer about the possibility of electing a woman as president of the nation for that question has been answered by the example of Hillary Clinton. The more relevant question in todayâ €™s American society is whether or not more women will follow the lead of Clinton.Apparently, in order for more women to actively participate in American politics, several conditions should be met. These include but are not limited to: a substantial amount of local public support to begin with, a suitable financial backing from these supporters, and a support from the current political setting as well just to name a few. If these conditions are met, there are more chances for aspiring female politicians to successfully enter the political realm, both from the local and national levels of the government.Comparing and contrasting the political situations between the past and the present times, it can be observed that there have been substantial changes in the balance of gender participation. That is, instead of having just an obscure number of female politicians and political candidates, Americans now have the liberty to elect women candidates and that these women candidates now h ave the liberty to actively participate in elections as potential candidates. In the past, women were not even allowed to vote in the elections; today, women can not only vote, they can also enlist themselves as candidates for people to freely choose.Perhaps some time in the future, the United States will elect a female candidate as president, thereby setting a precedent for future generations to learn from and to follow. When that time comes, it can fully be said that gender is no longer an issue in national politics as it will simply become a thing of the past made irrelevant and obscured by the tides of history. And when that time comes, women in America will have certainly achieved one huge leap forward for themselves and for the nation. Sanbonmatsu, Kira. Gender-Related Political Knowledge and the Descriptive Representation of Women. Political Behavior 25.4 (2003): 368.Thompson, Becky. Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism. Feminist Studies 28.2 (2002): 340.Traube, Elizabeth G. The Popular In American Culture. Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996): 129.Yuval-Davis, Nira. Women, Citizenship and Difference. Feminist Review.57 (1997): 11.

William Carey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William Carey - Essay Example Indeed, as this essay hopes to establish, while William Carey's success emanated from his linguistic talents and his faith, it was, more significantly, the outcome of his rebellion against the Anglican faith and prevalent missionary model. The son of weavers, Carey's family could hardly afford to provide him with an education which extended beyond literacy and a rudimentary knowledge of history, geography, mathematics and science (George, 1991). His education certainly did not extend to either the classics or languages and, as a matter of fact, it was discontinued when, at the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a shoemaker. Nevertheless, his natural intellectual curiosity, compounded with his gift for languages, incited him to self-educate himself in both, successfully teaching himself Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Dutch, Italian and French (George, 1991). It was during his period of self-education and learning that Carey became increasingly discontented and disappointed with the Anglican Church. It was at this point, as George (1991) explains, that Carey increasingly found himself turning towards dissent against the Church of England and, eventually, the combined influence of his readings and an acquaintance, John Warr, motivated him to leave the church and join the Dissenters. His leaving of the Church of England and embrace of Dissent constitutes an important turning-point in Carey's life. As Parker (1914) explains, he did not leave the Church of England and the Anglicanism because he lacked faith but because his faith was not satisfied by that which the Church offered. Carey believed that the Anglican Church had, to a degree, lost its spiritual direction, had become too immersed in the material world and, as a direct result, was not fulfilling its duties towards God. That duty was the spreading of Christ's message to all parts of the world. It was with this in mind that not only did Carey become a Dissenter but joined with other Dissenters in the formation of a small Congregational Church (Parker, 1914). Although not even 18 at that time Carey had found his vocation and his life's work. From the Congregational Church, Carey joined the recently formed Particular Baptists and was baptized into the faith by Ryland, effectively declaring himself a committed Baptist (Mangalwadi, Magalwadi and Winter, 1999). In the Baptist faith, Carey found the spirituality which he had been searching for and which he had felt was lacking in the Church of England. This, however, did not mean that his period of rebellion had ended. It would not be an exaggeration to argue that it was during this period that his rebellion attained full expression and led him down a missionary's path. The spark which ignited Carey's most profound rebellion, a rebellion which was to inform and shape his life's work, was a Calvinist pamphlet which effectively stated that all men were not expected to, or responsible for, believing in the Gospels (Mangalwadi, Magalwadi and Winter, 1999). Carey wrote his disputation in The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation and, in a Church meeting, preached the responsibility of all Christians to spread the Gospels. Indeed, when ordered by J.R. Ryland not to presume his responsibility to preach God's word since "when God pleases to convert the heathen, he will do it without your aid or mine," Carey

Genetically Modified Crops are harmful to the enviorment Essay

Genetically Modified Crops are harmful to the enviorment - Essay Example In reality, GMO crops are an invasive species and harmful to the natural environment. Numerous anti-GMO technology activists have come up to condemn the use of GMO within the ecological environment. The Institute for Responsible Technology (IRT Para. 1-10) has provided a biased analysis to the use of GMO crop in the natural environment discouraging the public in the agricultural sector to maintain a firm ground against the use of such crops. One of the reasons why the IRT discourages the proliferation of this technology is the fact that the growth of genetically engineered crops has negative permanent impacts on the environment. For instance, when cross pollination takes place, this species of crop will be spread into the environment and will exist there forever. Resultantly, this species will be propagated within the environment, reducing the number of natural crops existing in the natural ecosystem. The fact that GMO crops are superior in terms of production and the rapid growth ra te, it is not in order for this science to eliminate the natural species within the environment. In this light, GMO crops will hurt the environment by reducing the number of natural plants in existence. The IRT (Para. 3) provides statistical evidence to support its argument against the growth of GMO crops. Surveys conducted in the agriculture industry between 1996 and 2009 show that farmers who grow GMO foods have an increased usage of herbicides every year. The reason underlying this fact is that when weed resistant crops are developed, weeds undergo a genetic mutation forming new inexistent weed species. These â€Å"super weeds† are resistant to ordinary herbicides and demand more concentrated forms of chemicals. In the US, GMO crop growers experienced an increase in the cost of chemicals by about $300 million within a period of 12 years. This implies that the natural soils are concentrated with more chemicals increasing its toxicity levels. This is contrary to the proponen ts of this technology who argue that the use of genetically modified crops reduces the use of herbicides. The strength of IRT on the negative environmental impacts of these crops to the environment can be attributed to the statistical evidence that accompanies it. A third argument against the use of the adoption of the genetic modification technology in the agricultural sector is that this technology is a killer of bio-diversity. According to IRT (Para. 4), the proliferation of the GMO technology will hurt the entire bio species and may lead to extinction of even the most endangered species. The genetic modification technology uses lethal chemicals that have long term outstanding impacts on the environment. As these chemicals flow to the water bodies during rainy seasons, they will cause a great risk to the fish, amphibians and all water creatures in the water sources. Equally, all living species that consume GMO crops or water species will be at high risk of infection with untreata ble diseases. For instance, chemicals such as roundup that are used to develop weed resistant crops are cancerous and pose the risk of death to human beings. In essence, adoption of GMO technology will put the entire ecological system in danger including the creator of this technology. Carrington (Para. 1) is among the scholars who have evaluated the other side of the coin as regards the impact of GMO crops

Economics development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics development - Assignment Example I will carry out a randomized control trial among 482 rural Guatemalan households, split into 38 neighborhoods clusters, for twelve weeks. The target population in this randomized control trial will mainly consist of infants aged below one year. Each cluster randomly assigned to water treatment with the disinfectant will be compared with the ones that continue to use their normal water treatment practices. Only households that had not previously taken part in any prior studies shall be eligible for this study. The participating households will be grouped four neighborhoods within every village. Using a spreadsheet with a random number generator, half of the neighborhoods in each village will be assigned to the intervention group while the remaining will be assigned to the control group. Households in the intervention group will use the disinfectant which is manufactured from chemicals used in commercial water treatment plants but has been specifically designed to work fast in small q uantities of water. Field workers will administer the treatment to participating households. Participants in the control group continued their normal water collection, treatment and storage practices. A standardized questionnaire on water use will be filled weekly by each participating household to record whether each household will have had a case of diarrhea. Samples of drinking water stored by every household will also be collected by each household and measured to determine the chlorine concentration. The longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea among the 482 households will be computed as the fraction of total days with diarrhea divided by the overall number of days of observation. The prevalence of diarrhea will then be compared using a rank sum test. I will use data gathered from the randomized control trial to determine the existence of any adequate power to detect a variation in the prevalence of diarrhea between control children and intervention children aged below one

Management and Leadership Styles in Nursing Team Leaders

Management and Leadership Styles in Nursing Team Leaders This assignment will focus on the different management and leadership styles and the benefits and shortfalls will be discussed. Definition of the management and leadership styles will be included along with a brief discussion on trait theories This will be achieved by studying a working nurse team and concentrating on the nurse in charge and how she delegates, leads and organises the team. Firstly, this assignment will look at the different management and leadership styles followed by the analyst on how the nurse in charged relates these management and leadership styles in practice whilst managing a multi- disciplinary team within a hospital ward setting along with a conclusion of what I have learnt observing leadership style and how I was influenced from this form of leadership and how it may effect me in my future practice as qualified nurse According to Marquis Hudson (2000) leadership is a process of persuading and influencing others towards a goal as is composed of a wide variety of roles. .However Bowles And Bowles(2000) Define leadership as an interpersonal relationship of influence the product of personal characteristics rather than mere occupation of managerial positions. it is these personal characteristics which attract enthuse and motivate followers toward organizational goals. Each nurse has their own styles and leadership, their style depends on their values, traits. Characteristic, along with experience it is these individuals that changes began to come about. Trait theory of leadership is based on the assumption that people inherited specificate characteristics traits abilities and skills that make more suitable leaders than others Trait approach tries to identify traits and characteristics to distinguish leaders from followers Marquires and Huston (2006) suggested the great man theory is that people are born to lead and others are born to be led. Doyle and smith (2001) argues that Gandhi along with Napoleon inheritated the great man trait and highlight that they took control when needed .As suggested the term great man and not great woman ,This happened as in those times leadership was considered to be a males job only .Since trait theory was not enough to identify leaders from non leaders new theories of leadership began to appear such as are leaders developed through education and special training along with being learnt from observation and teaching creating the behaviour trait . A nurse leader must have a variety of leadership styles depending on the situation. Leaders are sought after for their expertise in their respective specialties and staff nurses look up to these individuals for guidance. Management is defined as a process about an improvement in knowledge skills, habits and attitudes of the employee in an organisation (sing 2008) Historically management has been given a greater importance in healthcare settings (marquis Huston 2006).However (McCallin2003) states The role of management in the time of Florence Nightingale was authoritarian and focused on rules, hierarchy and systems of punishment or reward to motivate workers. The characteristics of historic management would endeavour autocratic leaders. This type of management may of being accepting in the 19th century but today it no longer reflects the needs or values of the nursing profession Modern health care settings are complex and requires the registered nurse to have the ability to perform a multitude of roles and responsibility requires highly developed skills in decision making ,critical thinking along with the adherence to professional ,moral and legal standards .In addition to these skills leadership and management are considered essential for professional practice all are included in the Nursing Midwifery Council(2008) standards and are required for competent practice .the ability of register nurses to be effective leaders will impact on staff ,resources and setting and achievement of goals .this will in turn have implications for the quality of care Drucker (1999) cited in Weick and Evans(2003) stated todayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s nurses are graduates who have been described as knowledge workers who want to be led not managed . The word management and leadership are often interchangeable this is based on that they use similar skills bowman1997 and greenwood 1997 effective leadership is critical in any organisation and the key to effective is having the staff focused and working towards achieving the desired goal Convey (2006) argues the view that management is about doing things right and leadership is about doing the right thing student hand book Leaders and managers are not the same though they act in similar ways. A manager is responsible for setting objectives and using resources efficiently. A leader is responsible for motivating a group of people (team) to use their individual skills; therefore leadership is a vital skill of any successful manager There are several different leadership styles Three will be chosen and the advantage and disadvantages will be discussed. Bureaucratic leadership- bureaucratic leaders work by the book and ensures they follow protocols and procedures in accordance to how they are set bureaucratic leaders, expect team members to adhere to the protocols and procedures and follow he rules perfectly . ,this form of leadership can demoralise staff as well as put up barriers when needing to use their own initiative in addition place restraints on any changes that are needed. In acute workplaces where procedures save lives, a bureaucratic management style can help enforce health and safety rules. Autocratic leadership- Autocratic leaders sets objectives and allocates tasks and demands obedience they make as many decisions as possible and seek to have authority and control in decision making .Autocratic leaders tend to respond quickly and effectively and give the task a direction .However research claims that autocratic leaders can be disliked creating lack of faith and trust along with demotivated staff leading to stress within the relationship with work colleagues Marquis and Huston (2006) Democratic leadership à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬democrat leaders encouraged participation in the decision making by consulting team members ,delegating where possible and explaining their decisions along with sharing the responsibility Adaire(2002) Democratic leaders tend to have a good rapour with their team as work colleagues will tell a democratic leader when something has gone wrong. While employees simply hide it from an autocrat .democratic leadership is effective in professional organisations where the emphasis on training, professional and leadership development needs to be optimistic.(tomey 2004) Laizzez-Faire leadership à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Laizzez faire leaders are ones that leaves the employee to get on with their work with little or no interference, By giving the employee freedom it gives them the opportunity to show responsibility and initiative Marquris and Huston (2006)suggest that laizzez-faire leaders only motivate others when requested to do so .This form of leading can be effective if the leader monitors what is being achieved and communicates it back to the team regularly .regrettably ,it can also refer to situations where leaders are not exerting sufficient control I have chosen a nurse that through her compassion and leadership style as inspired me throughout my transition from a healthcare assistant to a student nurse .For the purpose of the confidentiality of this nurse she will be identified as C.B C.B has being a registered nurse for 9 years working in a busy public hospital in many departments including orthopaedic and surgical wards and now currently is a band 6 in the Accident and Emergency Department (A/E) She has decided to advance her knowledge and has undertaken many course .This has enabled her to increase her knowledge to enable her to gain confidence in her leadership role, as a band 6 in the A/E department I was fortunate not only to know C.B as a work colleague but to have the honour to have her as my mentor whilst I was a student in the A/E department. In the A/E department one member of the nursing team is chosen by the ward manager to become co-ordinator .The role involves delegating teams , communicating jobs needed to done, organising bed state in accordance to admission and discharges performing ward round an organisation of staff such as break times .The event being analysed will be communicating jobs from the ward round to different team members and how the coordinator deals with them .Research evidence suggests that an effective manager should have a detailed knowledge of all patient in his/her care and one way to achieve this is by hands on nursing(Douglas;1992, Lles 1997) Prioritizing becomes part of a nurses routine in every day practice (Waterworth 2003 ). Using her management skill of decision making C.B looked at the skill mix of the staff to be able to decide how nursing skills are best used (Humphreys 1996). This can be done by using your clinical judgement of the staff and by looking at the grades of the staff available. McElroy et al (1996) agrees with the using clinical judgement to ensure you make the best use of a nurseà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s time. It should be recognised that skill mix research is vague. There is research on this area but it mainly looks at grade mix rather than skill mix (Spilsbury and Meyer 2005). One could question skill is more than just a grade, as the grade of the person does not always reflect the experience of the person. C.B had to break the tasks down. Ensuring she makes sufficient use of the skill mix available to ensure that adequate staff fulfils the tasks to ensure the quality of patient care give n is of the highest standard. From a management point this is a very important decision to make as it means that you can try to get the best out of your staff and that it is a way of ensuring all your tasks get complete and the management of clinical risk is not affected (Smith and Valentine 1999). This was achieved by using delegation skills. Delegation is the process from which responsibility for performing a task is transferred to another person who accepts responsibility for the task. Although Delegation is the process from which responsibility for performing a task is transferred to another person who accepts responsibility for the task. But although you have asked someone else to do the task overall the person delegating the task is still actually accountable (Sullivan and Decker 2005) NMC 2008 Delegation is an important management process and allow organization and leadership to function through others .Ellis and Hartley (2004) . Delegating a task to others have been found to be challenging for some nurses Hansen and Washburn (1996) As C.B has being allocated to be shift coordinator she needed to participate in regular ward round that occurred within the A/E department in addition to have control of any emergency situation that was happening within the A/E . During the ward round the C.B as the co-ordinator employs a bureaucratic approach as she is with the consultant and junior doctors In this situation she must ensure that everything is done correctly both by herself as well as the consultant and junior doctors After completion of the ward round C.B handed over to the relevant nurses the information that had been discussed during the ward round .There has been a lot of research on handovers which have looked at the contents Hesse (1983) Liukkonen (1993) and McMahon (1990), duration Matthews (1986), Sherlock (1995) Thurgood (1995). This literature all conclude that handovers. influences the delivery of care efficient handovers mean better patient care. Meisser et al (2007) suggested that leadership may be the one quality needed to improve handover Research conducted by Sexton et al (2004) argues that not all the relevant information is discussed during handover, preventing the delivery of care. Yet again C.B delegates ,jobs that have be ing requested on the ward round .in this situation she employs the transactional form of leadership style as she needs to ensure that all the correct information has been passed on and that the nurses looking after the appropriate team get the jobs done effectively and efficiently .This means the staff of the delegated teams agree to do the job request and do not changed any aspect of the job required .After delegating the new jobs to her staff the C.B than adopts a laissez-faire approach and allows the nurses to get on with their own jobs .However ,communication was still essential in the laissez-faire approach and the C.B regularly calls staff into an area to handover and update herself on the jobs being done ensuring the original job that was requested to herself on the ward round was being carried out. By means of discussing the handover with the delegated nurse C.B allowed them to put themselves forward for the patient Involving her work colleagues allow them to be involved in patient care this form of delegation can be highlighted from a democratic leader An emergency call came through to the A/E and C.B responsibility was to ensure the correct emergency team would be present for when the patient arrived C.B was in control due to her knowledge and was able to identify follow out this task as a leader of this emergency call C.B made decisions for the group .This type of leadership is autocratic and is appropriate when a dealing in emergency situations Research by Greenwood (1997 ) has found that leaders should adopt the style in which they find most comfortable to be an effective leader. Leadership styles vary according to various situations. One leadership style may be ineffective where another one is extremely successful. we are now able to see that leaders vary according to situations and their traits. Leaders are able to express themselves fully Bennis.(1998) they also know what they want and why they want it and how to communicate what they want in order to gain cooperation and support achieving goals to be met Bennis (1998) states leaders can find way to make a difference All nurse are in a position to become change agent but most importantly nurse leaders have the greatest influence on changed. The nurse act as the change agent when assisting patients in changing or altered behaviour .kozier et al (2000) states nurse often act to make changes in the system ,such as clinical care along with helping patient return back to good health. According to Marquis and Huston (2000) what distinguishes a successful changed agent is a person skilled in theory and implementation of planned changed to deal appropriately with these changes and connect all organisations that will be effected by the changed. This is achieved by means of good leadership and management skills